Задание № 9 (факультативное)
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64
IS
THE MONROE DOCTRINE DEAD'
Is
(he Monroe Doctrine outdated? Not by a long sight. It can not possibly be
regarded as dead. Has it been put in the hands of an Inter-American
Committee? Or docs it have the pristine vigor with which President James Monroe
challenged the threat 'of banded European
powers to recapture the colonies that had revolted against Spain?
In
1825, President Monroe told the monarchs of the Holy Alliance that "we should
consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this
hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety."
The
Doctrine worked. With the blessing of the British fleet. And when Napoleon III
set up archduke Maximilian as emperor of Меxicо
during our Civil War, it worked again, this tune supported by a fifty thousand
army of observation moved to the Mexican border, as soon as the war
ended.
President
Cleveland vigorously invoked the Monroe Doctrine in 1895 against Britain in a
dispute over the boundaries between British Guiana
and Venezuela, and the British consented to place all the disputed territory
under arbitration. At this tune Cleveland wrote that the Doctrine "cannot become
obsolete while our Republic endures". Perhaps not — but it did change. Still its
importance has been as great as that of any principle in America.
Originally
the United States did not object, in theory, when European nations resorted to
debt-collecting by force against defaulting Latin American slates. But it did
not fail to grasp the danger of such expedition. The Caribbean became recognized
as a particularly sensitive area and President Theodore Roosevelt in 1901
produced a variant on the doctrine which became known as the Roosevelt (or
Caribbean) corollary.
Flagrant
cases of chronic wrongdoing or governmental impotence, said Roosevelt, "may
ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation," and in the Western
hemisphere the adherence to the Monroe Doctrine "may force the United States,
however reluctantly ... to the exercise of an international police power." The
power was exercised in a number of Caribbean nations — Cuba (where it was
provided for by the treaty of 1903), Santo Domingo, Haiti and Nicaragua among
them.
The
idea of the United States as international policeman was; of course, not popular
in Latin America, and President Franklin D. Roosevelt, dedicating the nation
""to the policy of good neighbor," moved rapidly toward the renunciation of
"armed intervention."
So
the Americans moved by degrees toward common measure for defense and mutual
assistance. In 1939, when war broke out in Europe, the Act of Panama set up a
neutral zone on the seas (sometimes called the Pan-American security zone, but
more commonly "chastity belt")
Measures
for defense against the Axis powers were concerted (with some feet dragging) and
the destroyers-for-bases deal with Britain was billed as a measure for
hemispheric protection. With the war's end, the hemisphere moved to a treaty of
mutual defense and establishment of the Organization of American States. These
provide for consultation and joint action. There has been rather more consultation than
action.1
Feeling
against intervention, joint or single is strong in Latin America, as well as
fear of the Yankie "Colossus of the North". Some
6S
are
afraid lest it should apply the Monroe Doctrine independent of and even opposing
the Charter of the United Nations (New York Herald Tribune,
1963)
